Keyway and spline are mechanical components used to transmit torque between shafts and rotating elements like gears, pulleys, and couplings.
A keyway is a longitudinal slot machined into a shaft or hub to accommodate a key, which prevents relative rotation. A spline consists of multiple longitudinal ridges (teeth) on a shaft that mesh with grooves in a mating hub, allowing torque transmission while permitting axial movement. Both are critical for secure power transmission in mechanical systems.
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Keyways use a single key for torque transmission with fixed positioning, while splines use multiple interlocking teeth that allow axial movement and distribute loads across more surface area.
Use splines for higher torque capacity, applications requiring axial movement (sliding connections), or when precise angular positioning is needed. Keyways are simpler and cost-effective for fixed connections with moderate loads.
Common failures include wear, fretting corrosion, shear failure of keys, tooth deformation in splines, and improper fit leading to backlash or vibration.
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